Mounting reports of infections, illness and attacks among health workers fighting COVID-19

COVID-19 has exposed health workers and their families to unprecedented levels of risk. Although not representative, data from many countries across WHO regions indicate that COVID-19 infections among health workers are far greater than those in the general population.

While health workers represent less than 3% of the population in the large majority of countries and less than 2% in almost all low- and middle-income countries, around 14% of COVID-19 cases reported to WHO are among health workers. In some countries, the proportion can be as high as 35%. However, data availability and quality are limited, and it is not possible to establish whether health workers were infected in the work place or in community settings. Thousands of health workers infected with COVID-19 have lost their lives worldwide.

In addition to physical risks, the pandemic has placed extraordinary levels of psychological stress on health workers exposed to high-demand settings for long hours, living in constant fear of disease exposure while separated from family and facing social stigmatization. Before COVID-19 hit, medical professionals were already at higher risk of suicide in all parts of the world. A recent review of health care professionals found one in four reported depression and anxiety, and one in three suffered insomnia during COVID-19[1]. WHO recently highlighted an alarming rise in reports of verbal harassment, discrimination and physical violence among health workers in the wake of COVID-19.

5 steps to improve health worker safety and patient safety

On World Patient Safety Day, WHO reminds governments that they have a legal and moral responsibility to ensure the health, safety and wellbeing of health workers. The Organization’s health worker charter calls on all Member States and relevant stakeholders to take steps to:

1. Establish synergies between health worker safety and patient safety policies and strategies

Develop linkages between occupational health and safety, patient safety, quality improvement, and infection prevention and control programmes.
Include health and safety skills in personal and patient safety into education and training programmes for health workers at all levels.
Incorporate requirements for health worker and patient safety in health care licensing and accreditation standards.
Integrate staff safety and patient safety incident reporting and learning systems.
Develop integrated metrics of patient safety, health worker safety and quality of care indicators, and integrate with health information system.

2. Develop and implement national programmes for occupational health and safety of health workers

Develop and implement national programmes for occupational health for health workers in line with national occupational health and safety policies.
Review and upgrade, where necessary, national regulations and laws for occupational health and safety to ensure that all health workers have regulatory protection of their health and safety at work.
Appoint responsible officers with authority for occupational health and safety for health workers at both the national and facility levels.
Develop standards, guidelines, and codes of practice on occupational health and safety.
Strengthen intersectoral collaboration on health worker and patient safety, with appropriate worker and management representation, including gender, diversity and all occupational groups.

3. Protect health workers from violence in the workplace

Adopt and implement in accordance with national law, relevant policies and mechanisms to prevent and eliminate violence in the health sector.
Promote a culture of zero tolerance to violence against health workers
Review labour laws and other legislation, and where appropriate the introduction of specific legislation, to prevent violence against health workers.
Ensure that policies and regulations are implemented effectively to prevent violence and protect health workers.
Establish relevant implementation mechanisms, such ombudspersons and helplines to enable free and confidential reporting and support for any health worker facing violence.

4. Improve mental health and psychological well-being

Establish policies to ensure appropriate and fair duration of deployments, working hours, rest break and minimizing the administrative burden on health workers.
Define and maintain appropriate safe staffing levels within health care facilities.
Provide indemnity and insurance coverage for work-related risk, especially those working in high-risk areas.
Establish a ‘blame-free’ and just working culture through open communication, including legal and administrative protection from punitive action on reporting adverse safety events.
Provide access to mental well-being and social support services for health workers, including advice on work-life balance and risk assessment and mitigation.

5. Protect health workers from physical and biological hazards

Ensure the implementation of minimum patient safety, infection prevention and control, and occupational safety standards in all health care facilities across the health system.
Ensure availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times, as relevant to the roles and tasks performed, in adequate quantity and appropriate fit and of acceptable quality. Ensure an adequate, locally held, buffer stock of PPE. Ensure adequate training on the appropriate use of PPE and safety precautions.
Ensure adequate environmental services such as water, sanitation and hygiene, disinfection and adequate ventilation at all health care facilities.
Ensure vaccination of all health workers at risk against all vaccine-preventable infections, including Hepatitis B and seasonal influenza, in accordance with the national immunization policy, and in the context of emergency response, priority access for health workers to newly licenced and available vaccines.

Provide adequate resources to prevent health workers from injuries, and harmful exposure to chemicals and radiations; provide functioning and ergonomically designed equipment and work stations to minimize musculoskeletal injuries and falls.
In addition to the Health Worker Safety Charter, WHO has also outlined specific World Patient Safety Day 2020 Goals for health care leaders to invest in, measure, and improve health worker safety over the next year. The goals are intended for health care facilities to address five areas: preventing sharps injuries; reducing work-related stress and burnout; improving the use of personal protective equipment; promoting zero tolerance to violence against health workers; and analyzing serious safety related incidents.

For more information on World Patient Safety Day Campaign:

https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-patient-safety-day/2020